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Tips from the Top

Roy Williams was born in Manchester. He never had music lessons as a boy, though there was a piano in the house which, in his own words, he would "plonk away at". He heard his first jazz at 17, fell in love with it, and decided he wanted to play trombone.

He was 18 when he started to take lessons - with somewhat disastrous results. One day his teacher, losing patience, said. 'Look, Roy, we're wasting each other's time - why don't you try something else? ' 'Sod you,' thought Roy, 'I'll show you. I'll teach myself.' And he did.

Jazz Journal International voted him Top Trombonist for four years running in the 1980s, when he beat Bill Watrous into second place. He has also made a habit of winning the British Jazz Awards.

He has played with the bands of Terry Lightfoot, Alex Welsh and Humphrey Lyttleton, and has toured and recorded with visiting American musicians Bud Freeman, Wild Bill Davison and Ruby Braff. He is much in demand at jazz festivals all over the world, and is one of the relatively few musicians who has succeeded in making a living by playing jazz.



One thing I've always found - and people still do it - they feel they must experiment with mouthpieces. In Germany just recently, a couple of musicians had new mouthpieces, and asked me to try them. I didn't want to - because I think it's important that when you find the right mouthpiece, you should stick with it. I've been playing a Rudy Muck 22 for a very long time, and I've had it replated. Young players often say 'Ooh, let's have a look at that', and there's the odd smirk; but that big cushion rim fits very nicely under my hooter! Keep an open mind, listen to all kinds of music and always be approachable. It's very important to communicate with your audience. If you've gone over time and they want an encore - give it to them. They'll almost certainly book you again!

Jiggs Whigham, Board Member of the International Trombone Association, was born in Cleveland, Ohio. At the age of 17 he was the featured soloist with the Glenn Miller Orchestra directed by Ray McKinley and a couple of years later he took over the lead chair of the Stan Kenton trombone section. In 1965, after a brief spell of session work in New York, he went to Germany to join the Kurt Edelhagen Jazz Orchestra on a one year contract. Thirty years on he is still living and working in Germany.

As a soloist with the West German Radio Orchestra he continued performing throughout Europe and the USA and in 1979 was appointed Head of Jazz studies at Cologne University College of Music, the first appointment of its kind in Germany. He is currently Professor and Head of Jazz Studies at the Hanns Eisler College of Music in Berlin, also Artistic and Musical Director of the Berlin Radio Orchestra, the Rias Big Band. Admired and respected throughout the world as one of the great performers and teachers, Jiggs Whigham spends much of his time in the air commuting between Berlin, Bonn (his German home) and Cape Cod (his American home) and a continuous round of engagements world-wide.



My first reaction on being invited to contribute to Tip From The Top was: There must be some mistake here, they've asked the wrong guy! This has nothing to do with false modesty, rather something which has been an important part of my concept for a very long time. You see, I have no image of myself as being 'on top' ... never have and hopefully never will. It truly surprises me that I have had the good fortune to make my living doing something which brings me such joy.

The gift of music was given to me. The possibilities of enhancing this gift through music lessons were given to me. The opportunities to play and be recognised by my peers and the public were given to me. All I have done over the years is to try to be worthy of these gifts. I try to do this by attempting to fulfil my responsibility by serving the music (as player, teacher and conductor) and hard work.

By attempting to put the music first and not trying to serve my own ego-oriented goals, many 'problems' do not occur. For example, if I'm totally involved with making the music sound as beautiful and passionate and strong as possible, there's no room left to worry about whether 'I' might miss a note, or how the audience will perceive 'my' performance. In other words, total involvement in serving the music leaves no room for negative thoughts to clutter the concept. This, by the way. is something which has to be practised on a regular basis. It is not something which one suddenly stumbles upon.

One more important point. The word music itself draws from the source 'Muse'. In my opinion this is often overlooked in that we often tend to equate the making of music with something which also had its roots in ancient Greece, the Olympics. I do not wish to negate the prowess of artists possessing superior technique - not at all. It must, however, be made clear that technique is something which can (and should) be pursued and mastered. A Muse, similar to a butterfly, can be pursued and enjoyed, but never captured and owned.

When asked to write this article, I thought to myself, what is the single point that I find myself making over and over again to students? Here it is; it may seem a little complex, but once the principle is grasped, it is the key to authoritative playing.

Before attempting to play any piece, look at it carefully away from the instrument. Familiarise yourself with the style, rhythms, accompaniment and overall shape of the piece totally before you let the trombone touch your lips. Then you will know precisely what you are aiming for musically; the only task then, which may be difficult of course, is representing it technically.

If you find a piece hard to grasp musically, then perhaps you should a yourself seriously whether anyone would want to listen to it. I have sat through many performances of good technique but great musical uncertainty. A listener can grasp good musical author and forgive a technical blemish, I correct playing without musicality worthless. Obviously the ideal is a blend of the two.

Notation must be "seen through" order to find the music lying underneath just as words and sentences are symbols of ideas, not the ideas themselves. This, teachers note, is of inestimable importance from the very beginning of anyone's playing career. Children should be taught to "free" themselves of the notes while still reading them.

If this sounds strange or paradoxical, think of the parallel of the young child who is beginning to speak fluently but who becomes baffled and intimidated by written language; only when the child realises how the words are pronounced and what they mean can it start to speak correctly from the written page.

Music is much the same. As soon a youngster starts an instrument, dots, shoved in front of its face and it is taught to obey the grammatical correctness the written symbols, usually at the expense of the feel or sound of the music. The Suzuki Method of violin playing and the general methods of teaching in the East bring notation in at a very much later stage than we do in the West.

Most music, like language, is divided into phrases - the equivalent of sentences. There are of course the individual notes and ligatures which are the equivalent of letters and words, and on the larger scale, sections and whole movements which might be regarded as the equivalent of paragraphs and chapters. In musical sentences, there is usually a focal point to which the music moves. In longer phrases, there may be two or three which need negotiating. These are often based on harmonic tension and relaxation, and the very movement of these (an amalgam of rhythm, line and harmony) is what gives music its very shape. All notes, whether detached, legato, tenuto or staccato are part of this overall shape and once understood, the music starts to make sense. This feeling of phrasing and style must be part of the fundamentals of teaching.

Musicians of all sorts should adopt inquisitive attitude and attempt to embrace as many styles of music as possible, often ones that rarely involve their own instruments, in order to have the depth to explore and perform widely.

So many of people's so-called 'likes' and 'dislikes' are only a shield for their lack of broadmindedness or indeed, inability to perform or assimilate diverse musical styles. Once this principle of a musical approach is grasped, things begin to fall into place, and different techniques become appropriate to the needs of the music. Music-making is then pursued from the proper end; at the moment most of it is like looking the wrong way down a telescope, with the music having to fit the trombone rather than the other way round.

What I am saying presupposes that the technical side of playing is adequately looked after as musical awareness increases. Much of my work as a teacher in further education is, unfortunately, remedial. Certain ingrained physical problems of breathing and particularly articulation are often very difficult and, in some cases, impossible to eradicate once the body has become sufficiently conditioned to them, much to the frustration and often anger of the student.

How many students of other disciplines arrive at university level to be told that for the last seven years they have been ill-informed in the fundamentals of their subject and must re-learn many principles once again. Not many, I am sure, and yet at music college entrance level, my colleagues and I hear trombonists arrive, often with the blessing of the highest grade available in the instrumental examination system who are woefully inadequate in most areas of technical performance. What are the reasons?

First of all, the main board behind the grade system does not insist on players of each genre of instrument taking the appropriate examinations. For instance, an organist may judge a trombone player and a violinist, an oboe. Also, peripatetic teachers are often obliged to teach all brass instruments and to most valve layers, the trombone with its unique slide, is a mystery. Some of these teachers, especially with appalling cutbacks in education, do a wonderful job, particularly in motivating and enthusing the young, and it is not my intention to condemn them. Perhaps educational videos may be the answer to helping all brass teachers understand the basic mechanical requirements needed for the young trombonist.

Just one further comment that I can't resist, having been given a temporary soap box. The mouthpieces and instruments that we use are indeed the tools of our business. But most players' unique qualities lie in their physical make-up Oust as a singer's voice is unique to him or her), and the extent to which they have worked in maximising their innate talents. Instrument and mouthpiece design is important and we are all grateful to manufacturers for attempting to update technical excellence. No mouthpiece or instrument however, has in itself a sense of rhythm, style, taste or fine sound quality, let alone being able to turn a musical phrase beautifully. A good musician would sound good on virtually anything, and a poor player on the best instrument would remain a poor player, although decent equipment of course make everybody's life easier. If in doubt always look to yourself honestly for any problems that you might be having firsst, before rushing externally to get another new mouthpiece, booster, open-wrap F-section, lacquerless bell, etc., etc.



Eric Crees was born in London in 1952. He studied at Wandsworth School, where, in the famous boys' choir, he worked with many distinguished professional orchestras and conductors. Of particular importance was the school's long association with Benjamin Britten who wrote a solo part for him in the 'Children's Crusade'.

At the age of 15 he became a member of the National Youth Orchestra ofgreat Britain, and whil- at school was awarded a scholarship to study at the Guildhall School of Ahsic and Drama. Whilst still a student, he undertook an extetuive period of work with the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble and upon graduating from the University of Surrey, where he won the Mechanical Copyright Protection Society's Joyce Dixey Award for composition, he joined the London Symphony Orchestra where he was until recently co-Principal Trombone before moving to the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. As well as his orchestral work, Eric is a frequent guest of such chamber groups as London Brass and the London Sinfonietta.

As a conductor and arranger he has worked with the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble, London Brass, English Brass Ensemble, Caledonian Brass, London Symphony Orchestra Brass, Bergen Philharmonic Brass Ensemble, Trondheim Symphony Brass and in the brass band world both the Black Dvke Mills Band and Desford Colliery Band in concerts, recordings and television and radio broadcasts throughout UK and Europe. Erie Crees' brass arrangements have received great acclaim and haw been played worldwide. Many of these are present on the two albums recorded for Collins Classics, 'American Brass' and 'Cathedral Brass', with the London Symphony Brass. Following excellent reviews they have been featured on BBC Radio 4's 'Kaleidoscope' and appear regularly on Classic FM. He has also made the arrangements for Cala Records' 'The London Trombone Sound' featuring 16 trombonists from London orchestras, as well as a unique recording of '76 Trombones' with 76 trombones.

Eric Crees is also an internationally renowned teacher. He is Professor of Trombone, conductor of Wind, Brass and Percussion, and tutor for both the 1st year BMus course and the Department of Performance and Communications Skills at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Many of his students now hold important orchestral and teaching positions through out the world. ln 1999 he was made a Fellow of the School.

He is also in great demand as a coach, and works with the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain, the Ulster Youth Orchestra and the Young Musicians' Symphony Orchestra. Masterclasses and teaching seminars have taken him to the Royal Academy of Music, the Royal College of Music, Trinity College of Music, the Royal Scottish Academy and the Royal Northern College of Music as well as to Japan, United States, Mexico, Austria, Denmark and Norway. He recently sat on juries for the Leonard Bernstein Jerusalem International Conducting Competition in London and Jerusalem, the 1994 Narbonne International Brass Quintet competition and the All England Masters Brass Band Championships.

In 1988, jazz critic Leonard Feather described James Morrison as: "A Wizard from Oz ... and ... the next superstar". Some seven years later he is being hailed as just that. Born into a musical family (mother plays saxophone, father clarinet, brother the drums), he started on cornet at the age of seven. Within a year he was also playing trombone, tuba and euphonium, in fact anything he could get his hands on.

At 13, James was playing six hours a night in a Sydney jazz club, and in 1979, at the age of 17, he made his American debut at the Monterey Jazz Festival. The following year he graduated from the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music with a jazz studies diploma. His first appearance in Britain was at the Royal Command Performance in 1985. Since then, his fame has spread, and he has toured and recorded with the Ray Brown Trio, and in 1994 toured Europe with his own band, Hot Hom Happening, a multi-national line-up that included our BTS past president, Mark Nightingale.

Very few musicians have been equally successful playing brass and reeds, but James Morrison switches from trumpet to flugel to trombone to euphonium to saxophone without giving it a second thought. Ask him about the problems of changing his embouchure, and he'll tell you: "I never even think about it. All I think about is the sound I am trying to create, and playing the trumpet as opposed to the saxophone was just a matter of learning to use your fingers this way instead of that."



Never forget that your instrument runs on air. People talk about tonguing techniques, embouchures, mouthpieces, and all the things to do with their face and where the trombone touches their body. I know that's very important, but sometimes to the detriment of remembering that, with the right air supply and control, all the other problems are sorted out. lf I'm having difficulty with something, I support it with more air and it all seems to go away. People ask me about playing very quickly: am I triple tonguing or doodle tonguing, or whatever? I'm single tonguing everything. I only ever single tongue. I've found that, with the right air control, and just the right amount of air behind my tongue, I can single tongue as fast as I like, and then I've got much better control over what's going on. So the bottom line for me is always - air. Any problem that arises, or anything I want to do - maybe I'm really going to push it, perhaps play high on a large bore trombone, or anything like that - air is the answer: the whole thing runs on air.

Si Zentner's first instrument was an Olds which he bought for twelve dollars but soon discarded in favour of his High School's bass trombone on which he won the Guggenheim Foundation's Philharmonic Scholarship. Asked to play the F major scale, he started on pedal F and continued up for four octaves.

He played with the bands of Les Brown, Harry James and Jimmy Dorsey before moving to Hollywood film studios where he was first trombone at MGM for eight years. In 1958, when most of the bands had fallen by the wayside, he started his own line-up and took it on the road.

His first album, Introducing Si Zentner And His Dance Band, was the first stereo recording by a big band. His third album of hit songs, arranged by Bob Florence, produced the Grammy-winning Up A Lazy River which his band is still asked to play. "If they don't ask for it, I insist on playing it!" In May 1994 he was given an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Nevada.

Recommended recordings:

  • The Best of Si Zentner, from The Liberty Years (29 tracks, compilation from the 28 albums Si Zentner made for the Liberty label 1959-68) Liberty CDP 7987132
  • Alive In Las Vegas (1991) Klavier KD 77002
  • Swing Fever. Si Zentner, His Trombone And His Orchestra (I 958-59) Fresh Sound Records FSCD 2007


I am a melodic trombone player. In fact I practise the art of lyrical trombone playing. The upper register is easy to get to, but once you get up there, how do you get down? That has to be done with fluidity and control.

I make use of things I learned very early on in my career such as, you don't play positions you play notes. Playing G flat, A flat and B flat above the staff in third position makes a lot more sense than going into the closed positions. So I was able to perfect a way of playing that everybody says was very recognisable.

I always say that Bob Florence made a trombone player out of me. He didn't know that the best keys for trombone are the sharp keys, and he wrote in some atrocious keys.

I think the reason I worked more than anybody else and did better than anybody else in the amount of work I did was because I always honoured my first commitment. If it was a $17 transcription date as opposed to a $1,000 picture call, and the transcription date came in first, that was the date I honoured. Sure I'd call the contractor and ask if I could get out of that small segment of time it took to do the transcription, but if he said no, then it was the transcription date. I always honoured my first commitment.

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